Ubushuhe busanzwe{{0}=ivyuma bihari
Dushingiye ku bimenyetso bitandukanye vy’ikoreshwa, ivyuma bishobora guhangana n’ubushuhe bigabanywamwo icuma gikingira umubiri gifise ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’umuyaga nk’ibimenyetso vy’ikoreshwa nyamukuru n’ivyuma vy’uburemere bw’ubushuhe bifise inkomezi nyinshi nk’ibiranga ikoreshwa.
‐itima ry’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma bishingiye ku rugero rwiza rw’ivy’ugutegura Si canke Al, cane cane ubwoko bubiri bw’ivyuma n’ivy’ubwoko bubiri bw’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Ivyuma vy’ubwoko bwa Fertin, nka 1Crl3SiAl, ubushuhe bwabwo bwo gukoresha cane ni 900 degre , bukoreshwa nk’ivyuma vy’ivyuma, igipfukisho c’ivyuma vy’ivyuma, n’ibindi. 1000℃, ubushobozi bwo gutera ivyatsi n’ubudahangarwa bw’ikibiriti, kandi bufise ubushobozi bwo gutera, ni co gituma kenshi bukoreshwa mu guhingura ivyuma, ariko kandi n’ugukemura, gutera ibidodo n’ugusudira.
Ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’imbere mu mubiri bikoreshwa cane cane ku bikorwa vy’igihe kirekire ku bushuhe bwinshi, ariko ibisabwa vy’ubuhinga (inkomezi, n’ibindi) si ibihimba vyinshi, nk’icumba c’umuriro c’umuyagankuba, uruzitiro, umugozi w’umuriro, uguhindura ubushuhe, n’ibindi.
Icumba c’inkomezi z’ubushuhe bw’ubushuhe gishobora guca mu mice itatu: icuma kimwe c’uburemere bw’igitsibo c’umuco w’umuco, icuma c’inkomezi z’ubushuhe bw’amabuye y’agaciro, icuma c’inkomezi z’ubushuhe bw’umubiri.
A. Ibirango vy’uguhingura vy’ivyuma bishushe-streng ni: carbone iri hasi, WC<0.2%; Cr and Si improve the oxidation resistance of steel; Cr, Mo (W) are soluble in ferrite and enhance the recrystallization temperature, thus increasing the creep limit of the matrix; Cr, Mo, V (Ti) strengthen the dispersion.
Ivyo bikoresho vyo gusukura ubushuhe: uguca mu buryo busanzwe (950~1050℃) hanyuma hakaza degre 100 (i. e{4}~750℃). Igihimba c’umubiri gisanzwe ni fefenle, kandi ubushuhe bwinshi bukurikira buragenewe kwongera ugushikama kw’imitsi (kubera imvura y’umuyagankuba) kugira ngo umuntu ashobore guhangana n’indwara y’ibicurane.
Igitigiri c’ivyuma rusangi ni 15 CrMo, 12Cr1MoV, 25Cr2MoVA, n’ibindi, ari mu cuma co hasi{6}}. Igiharuro caco gitoyi co kwagura, ubuhinga bwiza bwo gutwara ubushuhe, bufise ubushobozi bwo gukora neza, ubuhinga bwo gutunganya thermoplast n’ubushobozi bwo gusudira, ubushuhe bwo gukora muri 450~550 degre , burafise inkomezi nyinshi z’ubushuhe. Ubwo bwoko bw’icuma burakoreshwa cane cane mu guhingura ibihimba ku ruganda rw’amashanyarazi bifise umuzigo mutoyi, nk’ibikoresho vy’ivyuma n’imiyoboro ifise ubushuhe bwo gukoresha munsi ya 600 degre 600 , ayandi matiyo, ivyuma vy’inguvu, umuyagankuba w’umuriro, n’ibindi.
B. Ibirango vy’ivyuma vy’inkomezi z’ubushuhe ni: umuyagankuba uri hasi (medium), WC{1{1}}%~0.4%; mu bintu vy’ivyuma birimwo, Cr irakoreshwa cane mu gutuma ivyuma bishobora guhangana n’ivyuma; Cr, w, Mo, V, (Ti, Nb) n’ibindi bintu bituma habaho ugusenyuka gukomeye n’ugukwiragira; W, Mo arashobora kandi kugabanya ubugoyagoye bwo gushavura.
Ibirango vy’uguvura ubushuhe ni: uburyo bwo gukoresha uburyo bwo guhindura ubushuhe + ubushuhe bwinshi bugera hejuru y’ubushuhe bw’ikoreshwa, kandi utugingo ngengabuzima turi mu mimerere yayo ni umubiri utera umubiri, kugira ngo umubiri n’ubushobozi bibe bigumye ku bushuhe bwo gukoresha.
Igitigiri c’icuma gikoreshwa cane ni 1Crl3, 2Cr13,1CrllMoV, 1Crl2w.MoV, na 4Cr9Si2,4Crl0Si2Mo n’ibindi vyuma vy’ivyuma vyinshi. Ubwo bwoko bw’ubushobozi bwo kuzimya ivyuma ni bwiza, gukonjesha umuyaga birashobora kuronka martensite. Ubushuhe bwabwo bwo gukora burashobora kuba hagati ya 550 na 600℃, kandi uburemere bw’ubushuhe buraruta ubw’ivyuma vy’umubiri vy’umuco w’umuco. LCrl 3,2 Crl 3,1CrllMoV na 1Crl2wMoV zifise ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibintu vyinshi kandi rukanyiganyiga neza cane rwo gukuraho ibiti biri munsi ya degre 500 , ivyo bikaba bibereye guhingura ibiti vy’umuriro, rero vyitwa n’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama.4Cr9Si2,4Crl0Si2Mo zikoreshwa cane cane mu guhingura amavalve y’umuyagankuba afise ubushuhe buri munsi ya 750 degre , rero na yo nyene yitwa icuma c’umuyaga.
C. Ivyuma vy’inguvu z’ubushuhe birangwa n’ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba biri hasi (kuba ari vyo), WC{1{1}}%~0.4%; kandi irimwo ibintu vyinshi vya Cr, Ni alloy. Cr na Ni gutuma ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ubushuhe butera imbere no gutuma ubushuhe butera imbere; Cr, W, Mo; Cr, W, Mo na Ti.
Ibirango vy’ubuvuzi bw’ubushuhe ni: guvura neza umuti (gushusha ku rugero rurenga 1000 inyuma y’ugukonjesha amavuta canke gukonjesha amazi) + 60~100℃hejuru y’ubuvuzi bumwe canke bubiri bwashaje, imvura iva mu gihe co gukomeza, igatuma icuma gikomeza, kandi bigatuma inkomezi z’ubushuhe zirushirizaho gutuma icuma gikomera. Koresha utugingo ngengabuzima twa Leta ni austenitic (1 Cr14Nil4W2Mo) canke austenitic hamwe n’ugukwiragira kw’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (4Cr14Nil4W2Mo icuma).
Umubare w'ibara ni 1Crl8Ni9Ti na 4Crl4N4w4w2Mo, kandi ubushuhe bw'ikoreshwa ni kuva kuri 600 gushika kuri 700℃. Ubwo bwoko bw’icuma bwongerwako bushingiye ku cuma kitagira ibara ry’umubiri W, Mo, V, Tl, Ni, Al n’ibindi bintu, bikoreshwa mu gukomeza austenite, bikaba ari vyo bikora carbide n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma, kugira ngo ubushuhe bwinshi bw’icuma bube bwiza. Kubera ko uburemere bw’umubiri bw’umubiri bw’umubiri ari bwinshi kuruta ubwinshi bw’umubiri, inguvu zifatanya n’imitsi y’umubiri ni nini, ugukwiragira kw’ibintu vy’ivyuma biri muri austenite biragenda buhoro, rero ubwo bwoko bw’icuma ntibugira inkomezi nyinshi gusa, ariko kandi n’ubuhinga bwinshi, ubukomezi bwiza, ubushobozi bwo gukonjesha, ubushobozi bwo gukonjesha, bufatanye n’umubumbe umwe w’indwara y’umusonga, kandi burafise ubushobozi bwiza cane bwo guhangana n’ugusenyuka.
Ubushuhe bwo gukora 1Crl8Ni9Ti burashobora gushika kuri 700~900℃, kandi bufise inkomezi zihagije z’ubushuhe ku 600℃, ivyo bishobora gukoreshwa mu guhingura umuyoboro w’ubushuhe bw’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama n’umuyoboro munini w’umuriro uri munsi ya degre 610 .4Crl4w2Mo icuma gifise inkomezi nyinshi z’ubushuhe n’ugushikama kw’imiteguro. Ikoreshwa cane nk'ivyuma vy'ivyuma vy'ivyuma biri munsi ya 650 degre 650, umuyoboro w'umuriro w'umuriro, umuyoboro mukuru w'umuriro, n'umuyoboro w'umuriro w'imbere mu mubiri, umuyoboro w'umuyaga canke gazi ufise ubushuhe bwo gukora buri hagati ya 650~750 degre .
